Friday, September 11, 2026

Grace Is Not an Undo Button

In our walk with God, many of us have somehow absorbed the belief that we can make a mess of our lives and then the Lord will come in, because that is what Jesus died for, right, and simply hit the undo button.

But life does not work that way.

There are missed opportunities that are missed forever. There are decisions permanently sealed by time that we cannot unmake, unbend, or redo.

And sometimes we aren't mourning one giant, catastrophic mistake. Sometimes it is a scattering of tiny, everyday choices that seemed insignificant when we made them but accumulated over the years. One decision didn't change everything. But one decision became another, another became a pattern, and eventually we looked around and realized that years had passed.

There is a difference between God forgiving a decision and God erasing the consequences of that decision. We sometimes treat those things as though they are one and the same, but they aren't.

Imagine going on a cruise, having the time of your life, meeting a nice man, sleeping with him, and returning home only to discover that you are pregnant.

God can forgive you completely. But forgiveness doesn't mean He is going to hit “undo” on the pregnancy.

Sometimes biology simply does what biology does, and the consequence of that cruise fling is an unplanned pregnancy. You might later discover that the man is married. He isn't leaving his wife. He doesn't want a relationship with you, and perhaps he wants no involvement with the child.

You can take him to court. You may receive child support faithfully deposited into your bank account every month. But financial support may be the only kind of fatherly provision he is willing to offer.

Meanwhile, you may find yourself looking at his Instagram, watching him travel with his wife and the children he openly embraces while your child is never included in those family pictures or given a ticket for those trips.

That hurts.

But sometimes that is what consequences look like.

Forgiveness can free us from condemnation without transporting us backward in time to the moment before the decision was made.

The Danger of Assuming There Will Always Be More Time

Then there are the smaller choices we make because we assume there will always be more time.

One place I believe this can happen is in the way Christians sometimes talk about a “due season” for marriage.

We can develop this idea that God has one appointed date, one appointed moment, and one appointed person for us to marry, and that the entire thing is already written in stone. God supposedly has the spouse, house, children, dog, cat, city, state, neighborhood, and white picket fence mapped out. Our only responsibility is to somehow discover the elusive “Will of God” for that area of our lives.

But that kind of thinking can leave a person locked inside a prayer closet praying for opportunities instead of actually pursuing them.

Maybe your homegirls invite you to a jazz concert, but you decide you're too spiritual for that. You think it's “worldly,” so you'd rather stay home and pray all night for God to send you a husband.

Meanwhile, perhaps there are several perfectly suitable men at that concert whom you could have met, talked to, gotten to know, and ultimately chosen from.

Sometimes the answer to the prayer isn't another night in the prayer closet.

Sometimes you need to go to the jazz concert.

Months can become years. Years can become decades. And eventually, a person can look back and wonder where the time went.

There is wisdom in recognizing that some opportunities are time-sensitive. Faith should not become an excuse for passivity.

Redemption Is Not Always Restoration of the Exact Thing You Lost

Redemption does not always mean getting back exactly what was lost.

Maybe there was a guy who sat across from you in freshman chemistry. You became friends. You liked him, and maybe he liked you too, but neither of you had the courage to say anything.

You told your friends how you felt, and they warned you, “Don't say anything! What if it turns out badly?”

So you listened.

You stayed friends.  

Years passed.

Then one day, he pops up with a fiancée.

Not a girlfriend. Not a boo thang.  Not a situationship. 

A fiancée.

Suddenly, all those feelings you kept buried come rushing to the surface, and you finally tell him how you've felt all these years.

But now it is too late.

He is engaged. He has made a commitment to another woman, and he is preparing to marry her.

God being a Redeemer does not necessarily mean that engagement will collapse so the two of you can finally have the relationship you should have pursued years ago.

Sometimes redemption means taking the loss, grieving it, learning from it, and carrying that wisdom forward.

Maybe another opportunity for love comes along. But this time, you don't spend five years wondering whether you should say something. And perhaps the man doesn't either, because both of you have reached an age and level of maturity where you understand that life is too short for all that unnecessary guessing.

The first opportunity taught you something.

The second time, you move differently.

That can be redemption too.


Wednesday, September 9, 2026

What Do You Know That Other People Don’t?: The Hidden Power of Asymmetric Knowledge

What is asymmetric knowledge? Simply put, it is having access to information, experience, insight, or patterns that most people do not possess.

I can remember being a child in school and wondering what teachers did during “teacher workdays.” It was almost a mystery to me. Now that I am a teacher myself, I am all too familiar with what goes on during those days. What was once hidden knowledge to me is now completely ordinary.

And that is the interesting thing about knowledge: what seems obvious to you may not be obvious to someone else.  Why is that?  Because sometimes our greatest teacher isn't a classroom, a book, or even another person.  

Sometimes, life itself is the teacher.  

Not all asymmetric knowledge comes from books.

There have been times when I had to make a financial decision, experience the consequences of that decision, and learn not to make the same mistake again.

We don't know what we don't know.

Unfortunately, sometimes the only way we discover what we don't know is by getting something wrong. We make a decision, suffer a loss, and then recognize what we should have done differently. Hopefully, these aren't devastating losses. Sometimes the smaller losses are actually valuable because they teach us lessons while the stakes are still relatively low. We learn from a $100 mistake before we have the opportunity to make the same mistake with $10,000.

That lesson becomes knowledge we didn't possess before.

Knowledge Can Be Acquired

A great deal of asymmetric knowledge can be deliberately acquired through studying, going to school, learning a trade, developing a skill, or entering a profession.

For example, I am a special education teacher, and much of the knowledge that has shaped my pedagogy came through formal education. But some of my most valuable knowledge has come through experience.

There are situations you encounter at work where simply knowing what a special education law says is not enough. You have to understand what that law means in practice. There are circumstances that may not be spelled out neatly in black and white, and experience teaches you how to interpret information, recognize patterns, exercise professional judgment, and determine the appropriate course of action.

A textbook can give you knowledge.

Experience can teach you what to do with it.

And that distinction matters.

When Knowledge Becomes Opportunity

Asymmetric knowledge can become an advantage, and that advantage can eventually turn into wealth, opportunity, or influence.

There was a time when I thought everything worth discovering had probably already been discovered. I would hear people say that successful entrepreneurs recognize a need and figure out how to fill it. And I would think, What need is left to discover? Everything has already been done!

Then I went to Virginia Beach this weekend.

It was hot and sunny, and there was a man on the beach renting umbrellas and beach chairs. Looking at the number of people using them, I started thinking about how much money an operation like that could potentially generate.

But what really struck me was this: I have been going to Virginia Beach for decades. Over the years, I have certainly thought, They need umbrellas out here. They need chairs out here.

But my thinking stopped at “somebody should provide this.”

Someone else's thinking went further:

“I could provide this.”

There is an enormous difference between those two thoughts.

I knew there was a need. What I didn't have was the knowledge, experience, or perhaps even the mindset to recognize how an individual could turn that need into a business opportunity.

That is the power of asymmetric knowledge.

It isn't necessarily about possessing some great secret that nobody else on Earth knows. Sometimes thousands of people can look at the exact same problem, but only a handful understand how to solve it, and even fewer understand how to turn that solution into an opportunity.

Knowing Something Isn't Enough

That brings me to perhaps the most important part of asymmetric knowledge: you have to know what to do with what you know.

You might know an extraordinary amount about ancient Mesopotamian civilization. That's specialized knowledge. But what can you do with it?

Could you teach it? Write about it? Create educational materials? Develop a course? Become a consultant? Create documentaries or online content? Design museum programming? Write historical fiction?

The question becomes:

How can I turn what I know into something useful to someone else?

Because knowing something rare is one thing.

Recognizing its value is another.

And knowing what to do with it is where knowledge can become opportunity.

Monday, September 7, 2026

Healing the Wounds That Words Leave Behind

“Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me.”

We teach that little rhyme to children as though it were truth. But despite how comforting it sounds, it simply isn't truth.

Sticks and stones may break our bones, but words can wound us in places no one can see. Words can shape how we see ourselves, how we relate to others, what we believe we deserve, and even how we move through the world.

And those wounds do not always disappear when the person who spoke the words walks away.

Words can echo for years.

A child who repeatedly hears, “You’re stupid,” “Nobody wants you,” “You’ll never amount to anything,” or “Something is wrong with you” may eventually stop hearing those statements in someone else’s voice and begin hearing them in their own. What was once spoken to them can become something spoken within them.

Science increasingly confirms something many wounded people already know from experience: prolonged emotional and verbal mistreatment can affect mental health, stress responses, relationships, behavior, and even physical well-being. The tongue may not leave a bruise that can be photographed, but that does not mean it cannot leave a wound.

But here is the good news:

We can heal from words.

Healing, however, may require more than simply saying a prayer and expecting years of pain to disappear overnight. Prayer matters. Faith matters. Fasting may matter. But God has also given us tools for healing.

Sometimes healing looks like therapy.

Sometimes it looks like confronting beliefs we have carried since childhood and asking, Who told me that? Why did I believe it? Is it actually true?

Sometimes it means intentionally renewing our minds every single day until the voice of truth becomes louder than the voices that wounded us.

Romans 12:2 tells us to be “transformed by the renewing of your mind.” There is something powerful about that word renewing. Healing can be a process. Thought patterns that were built over years may need to be challenged again and again as we learn a new way of seeing ourselves.

And Jeremiah 30:17 gives us this beautiful promise:

“For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee of thy wounds, saith the Lord.”

God is concerned with more than the wounds that bleed.

He sees the wound left by the parent who constantly criticized you.

The teacher who humiliated you.

The spouse who tore down your confidence.

The bully whose words followed you long after childhood ended.

The person who made you feel ugly, unwanted, unintelligent, unworthy, or unlovable.

And He sees the words that became so deeply rooted that somewhere along the way, you began saying them to yourself.

Those wounds can be healed too.

Sometimes God’s healing comes through prayer. Sometimes it comes through Scripture. Sometimes it comes through a therapist’s office, through boundaries, through safe relationships, through forgiveness, through grieving what happened, and through the long work of learning to think differently.

And sometimes it comes through all of those things together.

Sticks and stones can break bones.

Words can break hearts, identities, confidence, and spirits.

But broken bones can mend.

And so can the places inside of us that were wounded by words.

Saturday, August 29, 2026

Is the Body of Christ against Ordinary Decision Making?

I have noticed that in some church environments, ordinary decision-making can become almost spiritualized out of existence. Instead of observe, think, gather information, weigh the consequences, and choose, the expectation becomes pray until God reveals the right answer. Dreams, prophetic words, signs, impressions, and even coincidences can then be treated as superior to reasoning and wisdom.

I used to believe that praying until God revealed the right answer was the biblical approach to making decisions. I thought that was supposed to be my default setting as a Believer. If I had a major decision to make, surely there was one correct answer already determined by God, and my responsibility was to pray until He revealed it to me.

However, the more I study the Bible, the more I notice how much time Scripture spends teaching people how to think and live wisely. There is an entire book, Proverbs, filled with instruction about wisdom, understanding, consequences, and decision-making. That suggests something important: we are not merely expected to receive answers; we are expected to develop wisdom.

This has made me think about our desire for quick and certain answers, particularly answers that originate outside of ourselves. Developing wisdom takes time. It requires studying Scripture, observing life, learning from experience, and sometimes learning from our mistakes. Being told the answer is much easier.

Perhaps this desire for certainty helps explain why some believers become fascinated with people and practices that promise access to hidden knowledge. Outside of Christianity, people may consult horoscopes, psychics, mediums, or practitioners of various mystical traditions. Within Christianity, the same human desire for certainty can potentially appear in a different form: constantly seeking personal prophecies, signs, supernatural confirmations, or a prophetic “word” telling us what is going to happen next.

And this raises a question that may be uncomfortable but is worth considering:

When Christians begin looking for a new prophetic word every day to tell them what will happen, what decisions to make, whom to trust, or what season they are entering, can prophecy begin to function psychologically in the same way that a daily horoscope functions for someone else?

I am not saying that prophecy and astrology are the same thing. Biblically, they clearly are not. I am questioning our relationship to them.

Have we become so accustomed to seeking supernatural information that we have unintentionally diminished wisdom?

Perhaps before asking, “God, reveal the answer to me,” we should sometimes ask, “God, have You already given me enough wisdom to make this decision?”

Because maybe the goal of spiritual maturity is not to need a supernatural answer for every choice.

Maybe it is to become wise enough to know what to do with the knowledge, understanding, experience, and freedom God has already given us.

Thursday, August 27, 2026

Productive Struggle: How God Teaches Us to Walk in Wisdom

“For the LORD giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and understanding.” — Proverbs 2:6 (KJV)

I teach fifth-grade math, and one instructional technique I have utlized is productive struggle. Math is a subject that is learned through repetition, recognizing patterns, and understanding procedures. In long division, for example, you have to understand each step of the process and know when and how to apply it.

Productive struggle happens when you work through a difficult problem instead of immediately being given the answer. It is not struggling to the point of exhaustion or discouragement. Rather, it is working through your errors, figuring out what you did wrong, trying again, and eventually overcoming the difficulty. The "struggle" itself becomes part of the learning process.

However, many of my students do not like engaging in productive struggle. They give up too easily and would rather have someone give them the answer. Some become impatient and think that if they do not understand something on the first try, something must be wrong with them or the material must simply be too difficult. What they don't yet understand is that sometimes the struggle is how you learn. Repetition, mistakes, correction, and another attempt are all part of developing mastery.

I am beginning to realize that the principle of productive struggle can also be applied to life in general.

In my own personal walk with God, I am learning that God rarely just “gives me the answer.” Many times, the answer is something I have to uncover through wisdom, observation, experience, and circumstances. Sometimes making a decision does not involve receiving a supernatural confirmation that you have chosen the one “correct” path.  Most of the time there is not just one correct path, there may be several correct paths, you just choose the one most suitable for you.

For example, suppose you are looking for a job in banking, and you pray, “Lord, where should I work?” God may not tell you outright which bank to choose because that decision may actually be yours to make. Instead, you might encounter employees from different banks, research their workplace cultures, compare salaries and benefits, consider the commute, learn about opportunities for advancement, and eventually have enough information to determine which bank is the best fit for you.

Yet sometimes we expect everything in life to come through revelation. We expect God to send us a dream telling us to work at Chase Bank, followed by a prophecy confirming the dream, and perhaps another “sign” assuring us that we heard God correctly.

But what if God has already given us what we need to make the decision?

I feel that the Body of Christ has elevated revelation, prophecy, and supernatural knowledge above wisdom.  

We can become so preoccupied with receiving information from the spiritual realm that we overlook the wisdom available right in front of us. We ask God to reveal things that we may be perfectly capable of researching, observing, reasoning through, and deciding for ourselves.

Most situations in life will require wisdom more often than supernatural revelation.

Wisdom requires us to think. It requires us to observe patterns, learn from mistakes, seek appropriate counsel, consider consequences, gather information, and then make a decision. And sometimes we will make the wrong decision, learn something from it, adjust, and choose differently the next time.

Perhaps that, too, is productive struggle.

Just as I cannot give my students every answer and still expect them to develop mathematical reasoning, perhaps spiritual maturity does not come from receiving an answer from God for every decision. Maybe part of growing in wisdom is learning how to take what God has already placed before us, our minds, experiences, knowledge, opportunities, discernment, and free will, and actually use them.

Sometimes the lesson is not hidden in the answer God gives us.

Sometimes the lesson is in learning how to arrive at an answer ourselves.

“The simple believeth every word: but the prudent man looketh well to his going.” — Proverbs 14:15 (KJV)

Monday, August 24, 2026

Interpersonal Strategy in Life

“Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom: and with all thy getting get understanding.” — Proverbs 4:7 (KJV)

A skill that is very important to develop is interpersonal strategy.  Oftentimes in life, whether at work, school, church, within families, or elsewhere, we find ourselves involved in situations and circumstances that were never ours to take on in the first place.  We take on too many responsibilities. We become too close to people who drain us. We give explanations that were never required. We answer questions that people were never entitled to ask in the first place.  A lot of this happens because we spend too much time trying to understand, accommodate, or change people instead of learning how to appropriately deal with them.

I have learned that understanding people is not enough. You also have to know how to maneuver around them.

I am naturally empathic and want to understand why people behave the way they do. Why did she say that? Why does he always respond that way? Why does this person need so much attention? What happened in their life that made them this way? Understanding human behavior can be useful, but there comes a point when understanding someone does absolutely nothing to solve the problem in front of you.

Sometimes I don't need to figure you out.

I just need to know how to deal with you.

That is interpersonal strategy.

Instead of always asking, Why is this person behaving this way? I am learning to ask better questions:

What does this situation require from me? How much access does this person need to me? Is this something I need to respond to at all? Is this even my problem?

Those questions can save you a whole lot of unnecessary stress.

Not every complaint requires accommodation.

We live in a society that has taken “the customer is always right” and applied it to almost every human interaction. People believe that because they are unhappy, uncomfortable, disappointed, offended, or inconvenienced, somebody else is automatically responsible for fixing it.

No.

Sometimes you are unhappy because you didn't get your way.

Sometimes you are uncomfortable because somebody told you no.

Sometimes you are disappointed because another person made a decision that worked for them instead of making the decision you wanted them to make.

Your feelings can be real without creating an obligation for somebody else.

In closing, remember, interpersonal strategy is learning that you can care about people without carrying them. You can understand them without fixing them, acknowledge their feelings without accommodating them, and interact with them without giving them unlimited access to you. Sometimes wisdom is simply knowing what belongs to you, and what does not.

“Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life.” — Proverbs 4:23 (KJV)

Wednesday, August 19, 2026

Learning to Say Less: Just Because They Asked Doesn't Mean You Have to Answer

Have you ever walked away from a conversation and thought, Why did I tell them all of that?

Someone asks you a question, and almost automatically, your mind begins searching for the answer. Before you know it, you've explained the situation, provided the background, named the people involved, and revealed details the person never needed to know.

Then, hours later, you think of the answer you should have given.

The problem isn't necessarily that you don't know how to keep things private. You may simply need to develop the pause.

Instead of allowing a question to travel directly from someone else's mouth to your answer, create another step:

Question comes in → evaluate the question → choose how much access to give → answer.

That tiny pause can save you from a lot of unnecessary disclosure.

Scripture Teaches Us to Use Discretion

The Bible doesn't teach us that everything we know must be spoken simply because someone asks.

Proverbs 12:23 says:

“A prudent man concealeth knowledge: but the heart of fools proclaimeth foolishness.” — Proverbs 12:23 (KJV)

Notice that Scripture doesn't condemn the prudent person for withholding information. Instead, the ability to possess knowledge without immediately revealing it is associated with prudence.

There is wisdom in knowing something and choosing not to disclose it.

Proverbs 17:27 gives us another important principle:

“He that hath knowledge spareth his words: and a man of understanding is of an excellent spirit.” — Proverbs 17:27 (KJV)

Sometimes wisdom sounds like fewer words.

You don't have to provide a five-minute explanation when a five-second answer will do.

Learn to give people the appropriate amount of information

Let's say you're organizing paperwork at your desk, and someone asks:

“What are you doing with all of that?”

You could immediately explain:

“I'm getting these papers together because I have to take them to management before the end of the day. I'm trying to get something changed, and I already emailed someone about it, but they haven't gotten back to me yet…”

Suddenly, you've disclosed an entire situation.

But perhaps all the person needed to hear was:

“Oh, just getting some paperwork together.”

That's an answer.

You haven't lied.

You haven't been rude.

You simply haven't provided information the person doesn't need.

That's an important distinction.

Privacy isn't dishonesty.

You can tell the truth without telling everything.

Curiosity does not equal entitlement

Someone might ask:

“Who were you just talking to?”

“Where are you going after work?”

“What was that meeting about?”

“Why did the assistant manager call you?”

“What are you working on over there?”

The fact that someone formed the question does not automatically entitle them to a detailed answer.

You might simply respond:

“Oh, just taking care of something.”

“I have a few things to do.”

“It was just a meeting.”

“I'm working on a few things.”

Those are boundaries without confrontation.

Ecclesiastes 3:7 reminds us that there is:

“…a time to keep silence, and a time to speak.” — Ecclesiastes 3:7 (KJV)

Wisdom includes knowing which time you're in.

Why are some people so nosy?

Not every person who asks questions has bad intentions. Human beings are naturally curious, and questions are an important part of relationships.

Someone asking how your vacation went, how your family is doing, or whether you enjoyed your weekend may simply be making conversation.

But there is a difference between healthy curiosity and information extraction.

A curious person can usually accept the amount of information you voluntarily provide.

A person who is fishing for information often keeps digging.

You give a general answer.

They ask another question.

You answer that.

They notice one tiny detail in your answer and ask another question about it.

Before you realize what's happening, you've disclosed considerably more than you intended.

Information can become social currency

For some people, knowing everybody's business makes them feel important.

They know who is upset with whom.

They know who got called into the office.

They know who is thinking about leaving.

They know whose marriage is struggling.

They know who is having financial problems.

And because they possess information other people don't have, they always have something interesting to bring into another conversation.

Your information can become their social currency.

Proverbs gives a particularly relevant warning:

“A talebearer revealeth secrets: but he that is of a faithful spirit concealeth the matter.” — Proverbs 11:13 (KJV)

Pay attention to what people do with information.

If someone regularly brings you other people's private business, don't automatically assume your private business will somehow receive different treatment.

Sometimes nosiness is about control

Information reduces uncertainty.

Some people are uncomfortable not knowing what's happening around them. They want to know everyone's plans, relationships, conversations, decisions, and movements.

Where are you going?

Who called you?

Why was she in your classroom?

What did the principal want?

Sometimes there isn't even a practical reason they need the information. Knowing simply makes them feel more informed and more in control of their environment.

But another person's desire to know doesn't create your obligation to tell.

Sometimes it's about comparison

Some questions aren't really about you at all.

How much did that cost?

How much do you make?

How did you afford that?

Where did you buy it?

When are you buying a house?

How much does your spouse make?

Sometimes underneath all those questions is another question:

How am I doing compared with you?

Comparison is human, and the person asking isn't necessarily malicious. But you don't have to participate in someone else's comparison process by providing every piece of information they request.

Some people are fishing

This is where discernment becomes especially important.

Sometimes a person already knows a little bit of information and asks an innocent-sounding question because they're hoping you'll supply the missing pieces.

They may even already know the answer.

They're simply waiting to see what you will say.

That's another reason the pause is so powerful.

You don't have to determine someone's entire psychological motivation while standing at the copier.

You only need to ask yourself:

How much information do I want this person to have?

That's it.

You don't need to prove they're nosy before establishing a boundary.

You don't need evidence that they're gossiping.

You don't have to determine whether they're jealous, curious, controlling, concerned, or simply bored.

You get to decide what information you're comfortable sharing.

Guarding your mouth can protect your life

Proverbs 13:3 puts the principle plainly:

“He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life: but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction.” — Proverbs 13:3 (KJV)

That's powerful.

Words have consequences.

Sometimes the conflict that follows a conversation isn't caused by something being false. The information was completely true.

It simply didn't need to be shared with that person.

Perhaps they repeated it.

Perhaps they misunderstood it.

Perhaps they told someone else without the context.

Perhaps something you said casually eventually made its way back to the person you were discussing.

And now you're dealing with a problem that wouldn't exist if you'd simply said less.

This doesn't mean living suspiciously or refusing to trust anyone. It means recognizing that different relationships deserve different levels of access.

Not every question deserves a complete answer

Many of us have unconsciously learned that politeness requires us to completely answer whatever someone asks.

It doesn't.

There is an enormous amount of space between lying and telling everything.

You can answer generally.

You can redirect the conversation.

You can answer only the part you're comfortable discussing.

You can say, “I'm still figuring that out.”

You can say, “I'd rather not get into that.”

Or you can simply give a shorter answer.

You don't have to become cold, suspicious, or secretive. You can still laugh with people, enjoy conversations, build friendships, and be warm and approachable.

The goal is simply to become more intentional about who gets access to what.

So, the next time someone asks you a question, resist the automatic urge to immediately provide everything you know.

Pause.

Ask yourself:

What are they actually asking?

Do they need this information?

How much am I comfortable sharing?

What is the simplest truthful answer I can give?

Then answer accordingly.

As Proverbs 10:19 reminds us:

“In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin: but he that refraineth his lips is wise.” — Proverbs 10:19 (KJV)

Sometimes wisdom isn't finding the perfect thing to say.

Sometimes wisdom is realizing you didn't need to say that much in the first place.

Grace Is Not an Undo Button

In our walk with God, many of us have somehow absorbed the belief that we can make a mess of our lives and then the Lord will come in, becau...